Table 5 Summary of leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for total studies included in quantitative synthesis

Study omitted

Mean [95% CI]

Heterogeneity

Pooled effect size

Chi²

P

I²(%)

Z

P

Fajardo et al., 2022

0.61 [− 0.06, 1.29]

8.38

0.04

64

1.77

0.08

Grecco et al.,2014a

0.83 [0.37, 1.29]

3.84

0.28

22

3.52

 < 0.01

Grecco et al.,2015

0.60 [− 0.06, 1.26]

8.33

0.04

64

1.79

0.07

Grecco et al.,2023

0.70 [0.02, 1.39]

7.97

0.05

62

2.01

0.04

He et al.,2024

0.41 [− 0.01, 0.83]

3.19

0.36

6

1.91

0.06

PEDI-mobility

Duarte et al.,2014

0.91 [0.05, 1.77]

7.75

0.05

61

2.08

0.04

Grecco et al.,2015

0.65 [− 0.26, 1.56]

9.6

0.02

69

1.4

0.16

Grecco et al.,2017

0.91 [0.15, 1.67]

8.45

0.04

65

2.34

0.02

Grecco et al.,2023

0.48 [− 0.02, 0.98]

2.95

0.4

0

1.89

0.06

Valle et al.,2007

0.87 [− 0.00, 1.75]

9.06

0.03

67

1.95

0.05

PEDI−mobility-1 M

Duarte et al.,2014

1.68 [0.52, 2.83]

2.96

0.09

66

2.85

 < 0.01

Grecco et al.,2015

1.26 [− 0.70, 3.21]

9.90

0.002

90

1.26

0 .21

Grecco et al.,2023

0.64 [− 0.15, 1.43]

1.63

0.2

39

1.58

0.11

6MWT

Grecco et al.,2014a

1.67 [0.68, 2.66]

2.71

0.10

63

3.30

 < 0.01

Grecco et al.,2023

1.48 [0.10, 2.87]

5.00

0.03

80

2.10

0.04

He et al.,2024

1.00 [0.43, 1.58]

0.47

0.49

0

3.43

 < 0.01

Ground−AP-EO

Duarte et al.,2014

− 1.36 [− 3.23, 0.50]

23.39

 < 0.01

87

1.43

0.15

Grecco et al.,2014b

− 0.31 [− 0.81, 0.19]

0.67

0.88

0

1.20

0.23

Grecco et al.,2017

− 1.33 [− 2.87, 0.21]

23.18

 < 0.01

87

1.69

0.09

Lazzari et al.,2015

− 1.37 [− 3.04, 0.31]

2.41

 < 0.01

87

1.60

0.11

Lazzari et al.,2017

− 1.48 [− 3.23, 0.28]

21.33

 < 0.01

86

1.65

0.10

Ground−AP-EC

Duarte et al.,2014

− 0.65 [− 2.00, 0.70]

12.13

 < 0.01

75

0.94

0.35

Grecco et al.,2014b

− 0.49 [− 1.66, 0.68]

10.19

0.02

71

0.82

0.41

Grecco et al.,2017

− 0.63 [− 1.60, 0.34]

11.63

 < 0.01

74

1.27

0.20

Lazzari et al.,2015

− 1.12 [− 2.26, 0.03]

10.32

0.02

71

1.92

0.06

Lazzari et al.,2017

− 1.08 [− 2.34, 0.18]

10.56

0.01

72

1.68

0.09

Ground-ML-EC

Duarte et al.,2014

− 1.41 [− 3.29, 0.47]

20.87

 < 0.01

86

1.47

0.14

Grecco et al.,2014b

− 0.43 [− 1.24, 0.38]

5.78

0.12

48

1.04

0.30

Grecco et al.,2017

− 0.99 [− 2.32, 0.33]

19.09

 < 0.01

84

1.46

0.14

Lazzari et al.,2015

− 1.60 [− 3.24, 0.04]

19.13

 < 0.01

84

1.92

0.06

Lazzari et al.,2017

− 1.66 [− 3.28, − 0.04]

15.68

 < 0.01

81

2.01

0.04

Ground-AP-EO-1 M

Duarte et al.,2014

0.14 [− 0.63, 0.91]

0.17

0.68

0

0.35

0.72

Grecco et al.,2017

− 0.53 [− 2.02, 0.96]

5.63

0.02

82

0.70

0.49

Lazzari et al.,2017

− 0.93 [− 1.96, 0.10]

1.45

0.23

31

1.77

0.08

Ground-AP-EC-1 M

Duarte et al.,2014

− 1.17 [− 4.53, 2.19]

3.42

0.06

71

0.68

0.49

Grecco et al.,2017

− 0.54 [− 1.87, 0.80]

4.58

0.03

78

0.79

0.43

Lazzari et al.,2017

− 1.56 [− 3.12, − 0.00]

1.30

0.25

23

1.96

0.05

Ground-ML-EC-1 M

Duarte et al.,2014

0.03 [− 0.74, 0.80]

0.02

0.88

0

0.08

0.94

Grecco et al.,2017

− 0.48 [− 1.09, 0.13]

2.23

0.14

55

1.54

0.12

Lazzari et al.,2017

− 0.70 [− 1.45, 0.05]

1.32

0.25

24

0.07