Table 2 NIBS parameters in the reviewed studies
Intervention type | Study name | Group condition | Stimulation parameters | Measurement time | Outcome measures | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stimulation site | Stimulation intensity 、duration and frequency | Sessions | |||||
tDCS | Grecco et al.,2015 | IG:n = 10 active tDCS + VR CG:n = 10 sham tDCS + VR | Anode: the primary motor cortex of the contralateral hemisphere to lower limb with greater motor impairment Cathode: over the supraorbital region on the contralateral side | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1: immediately following intervention 2: post-intervention 3:one mouth follow-up | Gait parameters GMFM PEDI |
Fajardo et al.,2022 | IG:n = 14 active tDCS + NDT CG:n = 10 only NDT | Anodal: over the leg area of the primary motor cortex which was opposite to the lower limb with greater motor impairment Cathode: over the supra-orbital region on the opposite side | 1 mA 20 min 3 times per week for 5 weeks | 15 | 1: immediately following intervention 2: post-intervention 3:one mouth follow-up | GMFM MAS | |
Grecco et al.,2014a | IG:n = 12 active tDCS + treadmill training CG:n = 12 sham tDCS + treadmill training | Anodal: over the primary motor cortex of the dominant hemisphere Cathode:over the supra-orbital region on the contralateral side | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1:one week before the intervention 2:one week after the intervention 3:one mouth follow-up | 6MWT GMFM Gait parameters | |
Elsadany et al.,2019 | IG:n = 20 activetDCS + PT + gait training CG:n = 20 sham tDCS + PT + gait training | Anodal: targeting right and left lower limb motor cortices (Cz) Cathode: positioned over the inion | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1: before intervention 2: two weeks after intervention 3:12 weeks follow-up | Gait parameters | |
Radwan et al.,2023 | IG:n = 20 active tDCS + PT CG:n = 20 VR + PT | Anodal: corresponds to the motor of lower limb motor cortices (Cz) Cathode: positioned over the inion | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1: before the intervention 2: post-intervention 3: ten weeks after intervention | Spatiotemporal parameters Kinetic parameters | |
Grecco et al.,2017 | IG:n = 3 active tDCS + treadmill training CG:n = 3 sham tDCS + treadmill training | Anodal: the cerebellar region Cathode: over the central supraorbital region | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1:one week before intervention 2:one week after intervention 3:one month follow-up 4: three months follow-up | COP PBS PEDI | |
Duarte et al.,2014 | IG:n = 12 active tDCS + treadmill training CG:n = 12 treadmill training + sham tDCS | Anodal: over the primary motor cortex of the non-dominant hemisphere Cathode: over the supra-orbital region on the contralateral side | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1:one week before intervention 2:one week after intervention 3:one mouth follow-up | COP PBS PEDI | |
Lazzari et al.,2017 | IG:n = 10 active tDCS + VR CG:n = 10 sham tDCS + VR | Anodal: over the primary motor cortex Cathode: over the supra-orbital region on the contralateral side | 1 mA 20 min 5 times per week for 2 weeks | 10 | 1: before the intervention 2: immediately following intervention 3:one mouth follow-up | COP PEDI TUG | |
Grecco et al.,2014b | IG:n = 10 active tDCS CG:n = 10 sham tDCS | Anodal: over the primary motor cortex of the dominant hemisphere Cathode: over the supra-orbital region on the contralateral side | 1 mA 20-min | 1 | 1: before the intervention 2: immediately following intervention | COP Gait parameters | |
Lazzari et al.,2015 | IG:n = 6 active tDCS + mobility training + VR CG:n = 6 sham tDCS + mobility training + VR | Anode: over the primary motor cortex Cathode: over the supra-orbital region on the contralateral side | 1 mA 20 min | 1 | 1: before intervention 2:immediately following intervention | COP | |
Grecco et al.,2023 | IG:n = 15 active tDCS + dual task(treadmill gait training and training of intellectual activities) CG:n = 15 sham tDCS + dual task(treadmill gait training and training of intellectual activities) | Anode: over the primary motor cortex that manages the control of the trunk and lower limbs (Cz) Cathode: over the left deltoid muscle | 1 mA 20 min | 10 | 1: before the intervention 2: immediately following intervention 3: one mouth follow-up | GMFM TUGT PEDI 6MWT | |
rTMS | Valle et al.,2007 | IG:n = 6, 1 Hz active rTMS n = 5, 5 Hz active rTMS CG:n = 6 sham rTMS | M1(controls the leg on the non-affected hemisphere) | 1 Hz:1500 pulses 5 Hz:1500 pulses an intensity of 90% RMT | 5 | 1: before intervention 2: 20 min after intervention | MAS PEDI ROM |
Dadashi et al.,2019 | IG:n = 2 rTMS CG:n = 2 sham rTMS | M1 (on the affected hemisphere) | 1 Hz frequency 20 min 1200 pulses 4 times per week for 6 weeks an intensity of 100% RMT | 24 | 1: before intervention 2: post-intervention | COP | |
Marzbani et al.,2018 | IG:n = 2 rTMS + lower limb OT CG:n = 2 sham rTMS + lower limb OT | M1 (controls the leg on the affected hemisphere) | 1 Hz frequency 20 min 1200pulses 4 times per week for 3 weeks an intensity of 100% RMT | 12 | 1: before intervention 2: post-intervention | 10MWT 6MWT TUGT | |
Mahgoub et al.,2021 | IG:n = 15 rTMS + ST CG:n = 15 sham rTMS + ST | M1 (controls the leg on the non-affected hemisphere) | 10 Hz frequency 15 min 1500 pulses an intensity of 100% RMT | 20 | 1: before intervention 2: 3 months after intervention | Gait parameters | |
He Y et al.,2024 | IG:n = 15 conventional PT CG:n = 16 sham rTMS + conventional PT | M1 (on the non-affected hemisphere of the head) | 1 Hz frequency 20 min 5 times per week for 4 weeks an intensity of 90% RMT | 20 | 1: before intervention 2: post-intervention | 10MWT 6MWT GMFM Gait parameters MAS | |