Resting-state hemodynamic changes and effects on upper limb function after multi-channel transcranial direct current stimulation to the ipsilesional primary motor cortex and anterior intraparietal sulcus in stroke patients: an fNIRS pilot study

Table 3 Changes in other upper limb functional assessment tests after multi-channel tDCS interventions

	Real-tDCS		Sham-tDCS		Adjusted p-value
	T0	T1	T0	T1	Adjusted p-value
Nine-hole pegboard test (s)	129.7±110.9	114.2±101.4	153.7±130.7	140.3±124.5	0.974
Box and block test (EA)	24.4±16.8	29.9±20.2^**	26.6±22.1	26.8±22.0	0.004^†
Grip-strength test (kg)	5.2±7.6	7.0±7.9	5.8±8.0	6.7±9.4	0.155
Tip-pinch strength test (kg)	0.5±0.3	0.4±0.3	0.5±0.5	0.5±0.5	0.553
Sequential finger tapping test
Accuracy (%)	55.7±29.7	57.8±31.2	35.4±35.7	37.7±40.1	0.423
Response time (msec)	690.1±199.8	654.4±243.7	754.1±228.6	761.4±229.8	0.203
Skill index	9.7±6.5	11.6±8.8	6.3±6.6	6.9±7.9	0.097

Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. ^†, A significant change was identified in the group × time interaction from the two-way repeated measures ANCOVA, with stroke type included as a covariate, p < 0.05. ^*, Significant change between T0 and T1 based on within-group ANCOVA with baseline scores and stroke type as covariates, p < 0.05, ^**, p < 0.01. T0, before the interventions, and T1, after completing all 10 interventions

ISSN: 1743-0003