Closed-loop rehabilitation of upper-limb dyskinesia after stroke: from natural motion to neuronal microfluidics

Table 1 Characteristic changes in nerve cells after stroke

Types	Processes	Manifestations	Detection Methods
Cell damage	Morphological changes	Increased cell volume, axonal degeneration, and dendritic atrophy.	Vision
Cell deaths	Apoptosis	Cellular crumpling, cytoplasmic condensation, nuclear membrane rupture, and formation of apoptotic vesicles.	Vision
	Autophagy	Formation of autophagic vesicles, formation of vesicles in the cytoplasm, organelle lysis, and chromatin condensation.	Vision
	Ferroptosis	Mitochondrial atrophy, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic and organelle swelling, and plasma membrane rupture.	Vision
	Parthanatos	Chromatin breakdown and plasma membrane rupture, etc.	Vision
Intracellular	ATP and PH	Reduce	Mass spectrometry, chromatography, electrochemistry, immunology, etc.
	K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and iron ion	Increase
	Cytc, AIFs, ROS, and calpain	Increase
	PI3K, mTORC1, Akt, Gpx4, and NAD+	Reduce
	Peroxynitrite and erythropoietin	Increase
	Cathepsin B/D	Reduce/Increase
	HIF-1, Phospholipase, AA, and PARP1	Increase
Extracellular	K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and iron ion	Reduce
	PH	Reduce
	Glutamate	Increase

ISSN: 1743-0003