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Table 2 League table of the primary outcome: changes of pain severity

From: The comparative evidence of efficacy of non-invasive brain and nerve stimulation in diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

TENS

0.22 [− 1.59; 2.04]

       

*− 1.67 [− 2.64; − 0.71]

0.22 [− 1.59; 2.04]

hfEMS

        

− 0.63 [− 2.28; 1.01]

− 0.85 [− 3.30; 1.60]

M1 tDCS

   

− 1.01 [− 2.84; 0.81]

  

− 1.04 [− 2.37; 0.29]

− 0.73 [− 2.31; 0.86]

− 0.95 [− 3.36; 1.46]

− 0.10 [− 1.92; 1.73]

FREMS

     

− 0.95 [− 2.20; 0.31]

− 0.97 [− 3.11; 1.16]

− 1.19 [− 4.00; 1.61]

− 0.34 [− 2.66; 1.98]

− 0.24 [− 2.52; 2.04]

drTMS

    

− 0.70 [− 2.61; 1.20]

− 0.99 [− 3.15; 1.17]

− 1.21 [− 4.03; 1.61]

− 0.36 [− 2.70; 1.98]

− 0.26 [− 2.57; 2.04]

− 0.02 [− 2.73; 2.69]

HFrTMSC3

   

− 0.68 [− 2.62; 1.25]

− 1.39 [− 3.35; 0.58]

− 1.61 [− 4.28; 1.07]

− 0.75 [− 2.46; 0.96]

− 0.66 [− 2.78; 1.46]

− 0.41 [− 2.97; 2.14]

− 0.39 [− 2.97; 2.18]

DLPFCtDCS

  

− 0.55 [− 2.37; 1.27]

− 1.58 [− 3.56; 0.40]

− 1.80 [− 4.49; 0.88]

− 0.95 [− 3.13; 1.23]

− 0.85 [− 2.99; 1.28]

− 0.61 [− 3.18; 1.96]

− 0.59 [− 3.18; 2.00]

− 0.19 [− 2.62; 2.23]

SEMF

 

− 0.10 [− 1.82; 1.63]

*− 1.69 [− 3.09; − 0.29]

− 1.91 [− 4.20; 0.38]

− 1.06 [− 2.73; 0.61]

− 0.96 [− 2.57; 0.65]

− 0.72 [− 2.87; 1.44]

− 0.70 [− 2.88; 1.48]

− 0.30 [− 2.29; 1.68]

− 0.11 [− 2.11; 1.89]

PEMF

0.02 [− 0.99; 1.02]

*− 1.67 [− 2.64; − 0.71]

− 1.90 [− 3.95; 0.16]

− 1.04 [− 2.37; 0.29]

− 0.95 [− 2.20; 0.31]

− 0.70 [− 2.61; 1.20]

− 0.68 [− 2.62; 1.25]

− 0.29 [− 2.00; 1.42]

− 0.10 [− 1.82; 1.63]

0.02 [− 0.99; 1.02]

Control

  1. Data present as SMD [95%CIs]. Pairwise (upper-right portion) and network (lower-left portion) meta-analysis results are presented as estimate effect sizes for the outcome of changes of pain severity in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Interventions are reported in order of mean ranking of beneficial effect on improvement of pain severity, and outcomes are expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) (95% confidence intervals) (95%CIs). For the pairwise meta-analyses, SMD of less than 0 indicate that the treatment specified in the row got more beneficial effect than that specified in the column. For the network meta-analysis (NMA), SMD of less than 0 indicate that the treatment specified in the column got more beneficial effect than that specified in the row. Bold results marked with * indicate statistical significance
  2. 95%CIs: 95% confidence intervals; DLPFCtDCS: anodal over F3 and cathodal over Fp2; drTMS: deep rTMS over bilateral parietal lobe; FREMS: frequency-modulated electromagnetic neural stimulation; hfEMS: high-frequency external muscle stimulation; HFrTMSC3: high frequency rTMS over C3; M1 tDCS: anodal over C3 and cathodal over Fp2; NA: not available; NMA: network meta-analysis; OR: odds ratio; PEMF: pulsed electromagnetic fields; RCT: randomized controlled trial; rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; SEMF: static electromagnetic field; SMD: standardized mean difference; tDCS: transcranial direct current stimulation; TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation