Table 1 Characteristics of Parkinson’s disease (PD) participants and controls included in this study

N (men)

22 (11)

24 (11)

Age

63.7 ± 6.6

63.4 ± 10.1

Years since diagnosis

6.9 ± 3.5

N/A

Hoehn & Yahr stage I

1

N/A

Hoehn & Yahr stage II

16

N/A

Hoehn & Yahr stage III

4

N/A

Hoehn & Yahr stage IV

1

N/A

MDS-UPDRS Part I

11.6 ± 5.6

3.9 ± 4.2

MDS-UPDRS Part II

10.6 ± 4.8

0.5 ± 1.2

MDS-UPDRS Part III pre-med

41.7 ± 13.1

\(8.9 \pm 6.9^{\dagger }\)

MDS-UPDRS Part III post-med

27.7 ± 11.3

\(8.9 \pm 6.9^{\dagger }\)

MDS-UPDRS Part III pre-med MAS subscore

12.5 ± 3.8

\(3.0 \pm 3.4^{\dagger }\)

MDS-UPDRS Part III pre-med LAS subscore

9.6 ± 3.5

\(3.9 \pm 3.0^{\dagger }\)

MDS-UPDRS Part III post-med MAS subscore

8.6 ± 3.4

\(3.0 \pm 3.4^{\dagger }\)

MDS-UPDRS Part III post-med LAS subscore

7.5 ± 2.7

\(3.9 \pm 3.0^{\dagger }\)

MDS-UPDRS Part IV

6.1 ± 3.0

N/A