Fig. 2

Lesion localization of participants with homonymous visual field defects (HVFDs). Overlay lesion plots (frequencies of overlapping lesions, from dark blue, i.e., minimum overlap, to red, i.e., maximum overlap) for A) participants with left HVFDs and B) participants with right HVFDs. Brain lesions are displayed according to the neurological convention. The average lesion volume was 29 ± 33 cm³ (range: 0.3–114 cm³). According to the AAL atlas, the most affected areas, irrespective of the lesion side, were: the calcarine sulcus (N = 15), the lingual gyrus (N = 15), the superior (N = 9), the middle (N = 12), and the inferior (N = 9) occipital lobes, as well as the cuneus (N = 13), and the fusiform gyrus (N = 12). In fact, the most injured lobes were the occipital lobe (N = 16; mean lesion extension = 15.53 ± 16.05 voxels), followed by temporo-parietal areas (N = 13; mean lesion extension = 13.58 ± 20.84 voxels). Only few participants experienced damages to the frontal lobe (N = 3) or the sub-cortical nuclei (N = 4)