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Table 1 Participants characteristics

From: Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances motor and cognitive performances during dual tasks in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Study Design

Total (N)

Age (yrs)

Gender

Disease Duration (yrs)

LEDD (mg)

Motor Function

Cognitive Function

H&Y

UPDRS-3

MMSE

MoCA

Broeder 2023

Parallel

Trt: 20

62.9 ± 8.3

3 F, 17 M

3.5 (2.8, 8.0)

588.4 ± 379.0

2.0 (2.0, 3.0)

23.4 ± 12.1

NA

28.0 (25.3, 29.0)

  

Con: 19

63.5 ± 8.5

5 F, 14 M

6.0 (4.0, 9.0)

748.8 ± 381.8

2.0 (2.0, 3.0)

29.1 ± 12.1

28.0 (25.0, 29.0)

Bueno 2023

Parallel

Trt 1: 12

63.9 ± 11.9

5 F, 7 M

5.1 ± 4.1

786.6 ± 707.1

2.2 ± 0.7

36.7 ± 14.7

25.5 ± 3.9

NA

  

Trt 2: 12

60.8 ± 10.6

3 F, 9 M

5.2 ± 4.1

654.2 ± 350.3

2.0 ± 0.3

29.5 ± 18.6

28.3 ± 2.0

  

Con: 13

69.6 ± 6.2

5 F, 8 M

6.5 ± 5.3

651.2 ± 460.6

1.9 ± 0.3

28.5 ± 15.7

27.2 ± 2.5

Chung 2020

Parallel

Trt 1: 17

62.1 ± 5.7

8 F, 9 M

7.5 ± 4.9

512.5 ± 359.9

2.2 ± 0.4

27.1 ± 9.6

NA

NA

  

Trt 2: 17

62.7 ± 6.8

7 F, 10 M

5.2 ± 3.4

484.2 ± 336.4

2.2 ± 0.3

27.9 ± 10.5

  

Con: 16

62.1 ± 5.7

9 F, 7 M

6.9 ± 3.3

493.3 ± 523.9

2.3 ± 0.3

29.7 ± 10.6

Criminger 2018

Crossover

Total: 16

68.1 ± 9.8

4 F, 12 M

8.7 ± 9.8

‘ON’ state

NA

23.4 ± 9.7

NA

NA

Lench 2021

Parallel

Trt: 12

66.6 ± 7.5

5 F, 7 M

8.7 ± 7.1

1074.4 ± 493.9

2.3 ± 0.4

16.8 ± 4.1

29.1 ± 1.2

NA

  

Con: 8

64.5 ± 8.9

1 F, 7 M

8.0 ± 5.6

1304.4 ± 757.3

2.3 ± 0.3

15.8 ± 6.0

28.4 ± 1.7

Mishra 2021

Crossover

Total: 20

67.8 ± 8.3

6 F, 14 M

4.8 ± 3.8

‘ON’ state

1.9 ± 0.9

NA

NA

26.1 ± 2.2

Mishra 2022

Crossover

Total: 20

67.8 ± 8.3

6 F, 14 M

4.8 ± 3.8

‘ON’ state

1.9 ± 0.9

NA

NA

26.1 ± 2.2

Putzolu 2018

Crossover

FOG: 10

70.1 ± 3.8

4 F, 6 M

9.3 ± 5.5

‘ON’ state

NA

20.1 ± 8.4

29.0 ± 1.9

NA

  

Non-FOG: 10

72.8 ± 6.9

5 F, 5 M

7.2 ± 5.2

NA

22.9 ± 8.1

29.1 ± 0.9

Schabrun 2016

Parallel

Trt: 8

72.0 ± 4.9

0 F, 8 M

6.9 ± 4.4

730.0 ± 341.0

NA

47.7 ± 7.5

29.0 ± 0.8

NA

  

Con: 8

63.0 ± 11.0

2 F, 6 M

4.6 ± 3.9

523.0 ± 398.0

NA

37.7 ± 9.8

29.7 ± 0.5

Swank 2016

Crossover

Total: 10

68.7 ± 10.2

2 F, 8 M

7.9 ± 7.1

‘ON’ state

NA

37.0 ± 12.9

NA

NA

Wong 2022

Parallel

Trt 1: 9

54.2 ± 4.1

1 F, 8 M

7.8 ± 5.7

592.1 ± 208.2

1.9 ± 0.6

33.2 ± 13.1

28.1 ± 1.8

NA

  

Trt 2: 9

50.1 ± 2.4

3 F, 6 M

6.2 ± 3.3

603.9 ± 357.3

1.7 ± 0.5

25.6 ± 17.0

28.9 ± 1.8

  

Trt 3: 9

61.3 ± 7.9

7 F, 2 M

4.1 ± 3.3

468.2 ± 212.1

2.1 ± 0.6

24.2 ± 9.9

27.3 ± 2.2

  

Con: 9

58.3 ± 8.0

6 F, 3 M

8.3 ± 12.3

426.1 ± 243.7

1.8 ± 0.7

23.4 ± 14.7

28.9 ± 2

  1. Data is mean ± standard deviations or median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile)
  2. Abbreviation. LEDD = levodopa equivalent daily dose; H&Y = Hoehn and Yahr scale; UPDRS-3 = unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; MMSE = mini-mental state examination; MoCA = Montreal cognitive assessment; Trt = treatment; Con = control; FOG = freezing of gait; F = female; M = male