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Table 3 Longitudinal changes in BBS, FAC, FMA-LE, and mBI scores in the RT and CT groups

From: Effectiveness of unilateral lower-limb exoskeleton robot on balance and gait recovery and neuroplasticity in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial

Measurement

Group

T0

T1

T2

within-group difference

T1 vs. T0

(p/ 95% CI)

T2 vs. T0

(p/ 95% CI)

BBS

RT

25.43\(\:\pm\:\)13.75

35.93\(\:\pm\:\)10.30

41.00\(\:\pm\:\)9.40

< 0.001*/(7.08 to 13.92)

< 0.001*/(11.29 to 19.86)

CT

24.13\(\:\pm\:\)16.75

27.44\(\:\pm\:\)15.35

29.69\(\:\pm\:\)14.31

0.043*/(0.12 to 6.51)

0.008*/(1.55 to 9.57)

Between-group difference

(p/ 95% CI)

0.091/(-1.44 to 18.42)

0.018*/(2.11 to 20.52)

0.091/(-1.44 to 18.42)

  

FAC

RT

2.00\(\:\pm\:\)1.41

2.79\(\:\pm\:\)1.12

3.43\(\:\pm\:\)1.16

< 0.001*/(0.53 to 1.04)

< 0.001*/(1.05 to 1.81)

CT

1.69\(\:\pm\:\)1.58

1.81\(\:\pm\:\)1.56

2.19\(\:\pm\:\)1.28

0.293/(-0.11 to 0.36)

0.007*/(0.15 to 0.86)

Between-group difference

(p/ 95% CI)

0.575/(-0.82 to 1.44)

0.063/(-0.06 to 2.00)

0.010*/(0.32 to 2.16)

  

FMA-LE

RT

20.50\(\:\pm\:\)5.42

22.71\(\:\pm\:\)5.62

24.64\(\:\pm\:\)5.54

< 0.001*/(1.25 to 3.18)

< 0.001*/(2.75 to 5.54)

CT

17.00\(\:\pm\:\)6.48

18.25\(\:\pm\:\)5.58

19.94\(\:\pm\:\)5.00

< 0.001*/(0.35 to 2.16)

< 0.001*/(1.63 to 4.25)

Between-group difference

(p/ 95% CI)

0.123/(-1.01 to 8.01)

0.038*/(0.27 to 8.66)

0.021*/(0.76 to 8.65)

  

mBI

RT

62.43\(\:\pm\:\)24.49

76.07\(\:\pm\:\)19.35

82.93\(\:\pm\:\)16.73

< 0.001*/(8.85 to 18.44)

< 0.001*/(13.70 to 27.30)

CT

55.13\(\:\pm\:\)26.30

60.69\(\:\pm\:\)24.98

67.44\(\:\pm\:\)22.16

0.017*/(1.08 to 10.05)

< 0.001*/(5.95 to 18.67)

Between-group difference

(p/ 95% CI)

0.440/(-11.80 to 26.40)

0.073/(-1.52 to 32.28)

0.042*/(0.63 to 30.35)

  
  1. Note RT: robot-assisted training; CT: conventional training; BBS: Berg balance scale; FAC: functional ambulation category; FMA-LE: Fugl-Meyer assessment scale of lower-limb; mBI: modified Barthel Index. * p < 0.05