Table 3 Average (standard deviation) kinematic values in degrees (°) for each group time point, and gait phase, and the corresponding statistics

Initial swing (IS)

Hip

t0

24.9 (2.6)

26.1 (3.0)

26.0 (2.6)

25.7 (2.8)

F(3,116) = 1.477, p = 0.224

t1

21.5 (8.6)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Within-group

Z=-0.267, p = 0.789

-

-

-

Knee

t0

55.1 (3.1)

55.4 (2.8)

56.9 (2.3)

55.6 (3.1)

F(3,116) = 0.558, p = 0.644

t1

53.8 (14.3)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Within-group

Z=-0.259, p = 0.796

-

-

-

Ankle

t0

99.2 (4.3)

99.2 (3.5)

98.4 (3.6)

98.3 (3.4)

F(3,116) = 0.376, p = 0.770

t1

108.3 (13.3)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Within-group

Z=-1.785, p = 0.074

-

-

-

Midstance (MS)

Hip

t0

0.2 (0.5)

0.1 (0.4)

0.4 (0.7)

0.3 (0.7)

F(3,116) = 1.213, p = 0.308

t1

1.8 (10.4)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Within-group

Z=-1.307, p = 0.191

-

-

-

Knee

t0

5.7 (1.0)

6.1 (1.2)

6.0 (1.1)

5.9 (1.2)

F(3,116) = 2.113, p = 0.102

t1

8.0 (8.3)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Within-group

Z=-0.469, p = 0.639

-

-

-

Ankle

t0

0.3 (0.6)

0.2 (0.4)

0.3 (0.6)

0.1 (0.8)

F(3,116) = 0.484, p = 0.696

t1

1.5 (10.8)

N/A

N/A

N/A

Within-group

Z=-2.068, p = 0.039*

-

-

-