Effects of high-definition tDCS targeting individual motor hotspot with EMG-driven robotic hand training on upper extremity motor function: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Clinical demographic at baseline and training information

Measures	HDtDCS-group (n = 9)	Sham-group (n = 10)	P value
Age (years)	56.0 ± 9.7	62.1 ± 10.8	0.216
Chronicity (month)	43.7 ± 40.6	62.2 ± 51.7	0.401
Gender (Female/Male)	7 / 2	5 / 5	0.463
Affected side (Right/left)	5 / 4	6 / 4	0.845
Stroke Type (Ischemia/Hemorrhagic)	6 / 3	7 / 3	0.876
Lesion site (Cortico-subcortical/Subcortical)	3 / 6	5 / 5	0.650
Lesion volume (cm³)	9.8 ± 15.3	13.1 ± 13.5	0.630
FMAUE	40.0 ± 6.4	40.5 ± 11.6	0.910
MAS of wrist	1.71 ± 1.14	1.66 ± 0.74	0.908
MAS of finger	1.80 ± 1.02	1.74 ± 0.93	0.895
ARAT	28.0 ± 14.1	29.0 ± 14.5	0.881
Minor side-effect incidence (itching, burning, or tingling)	5	4	0.637
Duration between Pre and Post assessment (days)	71.8 ± 30.0*	79.4 ± 18.8	0.517
Frequency of conventional therapy between Post and Follow-up (/week)	0.86 ± 1.07^#	0.80 ± 0.92	0.908

Mean ± standard deviation was reported. No significant difference between the two groups was observed for all baseline clinical demographics and training information. *: Information from 8 subjects who finished all training sessions. ^#: Information from 7 subjects who received follow-up assessment
Abbreviations HDtDCS-group High-definition transcranial direct stimulation with EMG-driven robotic hand group; Sham-group sham stimulation with EMG-driven robotic hand group; FMAUE Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment of upper extremity; MAS Modified Ashworth Scale; Pre before training; Post immediately after the training; 6 m Follow-up six-month follow-up

ISSN: 1743-0003