Multibody dynamics-based musculoskeletal modeling for gait analysis: a systematic review

Table 3 Summary of various MSK models used for gait analysis in OpenSim and AMS

Model	Software	DOF	Segments	Joints	No of Muscle-Tendon Units	Source of Muscle Parameters	Ref.
Delp Model	OpenSim	7	7	5	43	Friedrich and Brand [56] and Wickiewicz et al. [55]	[48]
Gait2392 and Gait2354	OpenSim	23	12	11	92 and 54	Friedrich and Brand [56] and Wickiewicz et al. [55]	[57, 58, 61]
Full Body Running Model by Hamner	OpenSim	29	12		92	Friedrich and Brand [56] and Wickiewicz et al. [55]	[51]
Arnold Two Leg Model	OpenSim	23	14	11	44	^aWard et al. [63]	[49]
Rajagopal Model	OpenSim	37	22	17	80	^bHandsfield et al. [70] and Ward et al. [63]	[52]
Lai Modelc	OpenSim	37	22	17	80	^bHandsfield et al. [70] and Ward et al. [63]	[53]
Full Body Model 2016 by Caruthers	OpenSim	46	22		194	^aWard et al. [63]	[54]
London Lower Limb Model	OpenSim	11	6	20	163	Klein Horsman et al. [74]	[50]
TLEM	AMS	21	12	11	159	Klein Horsman et al. [74]	[74]
TLEM 2.0	AMS	21	12	11	166	Carbone et al. [75]	[75, 76]
GaitFullBody	AMS	42	-	-	-	-	-

^a Majority of the muscle parameters are defined from Ward et al. [63]. However, the muscles that are not reported by Ward et al. [63] are adapted from Friedrich and Brand [56] and Wickiewicz et al. [55]
^b The accuracy of muscle force prediction is increased by deriving muscle pennation angles and optimal fiber lengths from Ward et al. [63] and muscle volume data from Handsfield et al. [70]
^c In Lai model, the muscle-tendon parameters and pathways of 22 muscles are updated without affecting the maximum isometric muscle forces

ISSN: 1743-0003