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Table 2 Changes in clinical and neurophysiological variables according to group, from baseline (T0) to post-intervention (T1) and follow-up (T2)

From: Clinical and neurophysiological effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG-guided neurofeedback in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, four-arm controlled trial

Variable

Group1

T0

T1

T2

UPDRS-III (points)

A (n = 10)

17 ± 8.18

13.2 ± 5.9

12.9 ± 6.66

B (n = 11)

15.55 ± 7.29

13.36 ± 6.28

13.63 ± 5.54

C (n = 10)

15 ± 6.39

10.1 ± 5.82

10.6 ± 4.3

D (n = 9)

14.89 ± 6.88

13.56 ± 5.88

14.56 ± 5.92

TUG (seconds)

A (n = 10)

10.99 ± 2.16

11.08 ± 2.52

10.18 ± 1.77

B (n = 11)

10.82 ± 2.32

9.78 ± 1.82

9.86 ± 1.77

C (n = 10)

9.69 ± 1.73

9.39 ± 2.85

9.41 ± 2.88

D (n = 9)

11.53 ± 2.53

10.55 ± 1.56

10.91 ± 2.37

LOS (%)

A (n = 10)

42.62 ± 19.72

45.22 ± 14.09

44.15 ± 16.24

B (n = 10)2

31.70 ± 12.70

38.35 ± 14.10

39.15 ± 15.21

C (n = 9)

33.02 ± 16.92

34.25 ± 17.12

37.85 ± 18.96

D (n = 8)3

33.59 ± 14.09

42.21 ± 14.64

36.34 ± 14.07

Left FT (milliseconds)

A (n = 10)

227.89 ± 38.70

215.51 ± 38.36

214.35 ± 31.16

B (n = 11)

242.27 ± 79.14

242.53 ± 84.47

249.08 ± 78.58

C (n = 10)

224.77 ± 43.78

206.18 ± 38.96

209.88 ± 18.94

D (n = 8)4

211.50 ± 30.03

201.15 ± 34.00

205.03 ± 44.19

Right FT (milliseconds)

A (n = 10)

222.88 ± 52.50

210.66 ± 45.32

212.84 ± 48.05

B (n = 11)

236.95 ± 98.00

235.03 ± 89.26

232.60 ± 72.61

C (n = 10)

240.38 ± 72.60

191.64 ± 31.21

199.78 ± 33.62

D (n = 8)4

189.58 ± 17.50

183.89 ± 20.82

181.63 ± 22.47

HDRS (points)

A (n = 10)

6.30 ± 6.73

-

5.70 ± 7.33

B (n = 11)

4.64 ± 3.91

2.09 ± 2.21

C (n = 10)

5.20 ± 5.59

1.30 ± 2.00

D (n = 9)

3.78 ± 2.77

2.33 ± 3.20

PDQ-39 (points)

A (n = 10)

22.24 ± 19.93

-

19.87 ± 21.16

B (n = 11)

26.44 ± 14.23

23.62 ± 12.09

C (n = 10)

22.46 ± 11.12

18.48 ± 11.26

D (n = 9)

18.44 ± 8.82

21.66 ± 9.65

Left Hemisphere CSP (miliseconds)

A (n = 8)

128.4 ± 49.2

151.8 ± 63.6

148.0 ± 33.8

B (n = 10)

128.8 ±. 29.7

128.9 ± 43.6

125.0 ± 43.6

C (n = 10)

129.8 ± 26.5

168.7 ± 27.7

148.9 ± 24.4

D (n = 8)4

135.7 ± 33.6

132.0 ± 30.5

137.6 ± 38.0

Right Hemisphere CSP (miliseconds)

A (n = 8)

144.8 ± 58.5

167.7 ± 52.3

159.3 ± 53.5

B (n = 10)

107.1 ± 24.3

123.3 ± 48.3

121.4 ± 38.9

C (n = 10)

138.0 ± 29.9

176.7 ± 39.4

150.0 ± 40.2

D (n = 8)4

138.3 ± 42.2

142.9 ± 35.0

141.4 ± 49.2

  1. 1Group A: rTMS; Group B: EEG-guided NFB protocol; Group C: combined (rTMS + EEG-guided NFB), Group D: no intervention. Results are shown as mean ± SD
  2. 2In Group B, data at all end-points are shown for N = 10 participants because of technical issues while collecting data from 1 participant
  3. 3In Group D, data at T0 are shown for N = 8 participants because of technical issues while collecting data from 1 participant
  4. 4In Group D, data at all end-points are shown for N = 8 participants because of technical issues while collecting data from 1 participant
  5. Abbreviations CSP = Cortical Silent Period; FT = Finger Tapping; HDRS = Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; LOS = Limits of Stability; PDQ-39 = Parkinson´s Disease Questionnaire; TUG = Timed Up and Go Test; UPDRS-III = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Part III, motor examination
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Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 1743-0003

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