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Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the participants at baseline

From: Clinical and neurophysiological effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG-guided neurofeedback in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, four-arm controlled trial

Variable

Group A1

(n = 10)

Group B1

(n = 11)

Group C1

(n = 10)

Group D1

(n = 9)

All participants

(n = 40)

Age, years (mean ± SD)

64.40 ± 6.38

62.18 ± 8.18

59.00 ± 7.62

66.89 ± 9.07

63 ± 8.26

Time with disease, years (mean ± SD)

6.00 ± 3.06

5.91 ± 3.75

5.20 ± 3.16

6.22 ± 4.12

5.83 ± 3.42

UPDRS-III score (mean ± SD)

17.00 ± 8.18

15.55 ± 7.28

15.00 ± 6.39

15.67 ± 10.17

15.8 ± 7.76

LEDD, mg (mean ± SD)

629.45 ± 339.24

537.36 ± 313.67

521.30 ± 291.87

1399.27 ± 1271.3

750.29 ± 728.11

Sex, N of males (%)

7 (70%)

7 (63.63%)

7 (70%)

6 (66.67%)

28 (70%)

Handedness, N of right-handed (%)

10 (100%)

10 (90.9%)

9 (90%)

9 (100%)

38 (95%)

Hoehn & Yahr stage, N (%)

1

1 (10%)

3 (27.27%)

5 (5%)

2 (22.22%)

11 (27.5%)

1.5

1 (10%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (0.03%)

2

6 (60%)

5 (45.45%)

4 (40%)

6 (66.67%)

21 (52.5%)

2.5

1 (10%)

1 (0.09%)

0 (0%)

1 (11.11%)

3 (0.07%)

3

1 (10%)

2 (18.18%)

1 (10%)

0 (0%)

4 (10%)

Depression severity, N (%)2

No depression

7 (70%)

8 (72.73%)

9 (90%)

8 (88.89%)

32 (80%)

Mild

3 (30%)

3 (27.27%)

0 (0%)

1 (11.11%)

7 (17.5%)

Moderate

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (10%)

0 (0%)

1 (2.5%)

Left Hemisphere RMT, % (mean ± SD)3

60.10 ± 7.06

58.55 ± 6.99

60.00 ± 9.13

56.88 ± 6.51

60.31 ± 5.46

Right Hemisphere RMT, % (mean ± SD)3

60.89 ± 5.08

62.09 ± 5.13

59.00 ± 5.16

58.13 ± 6.51

58.97 ± 7.34

  1. 1Group A received bilateral, high-frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). Group B received EEG-guided neurofeedback (EEG-guided neurofeedback). Group C received a combination of rTMS and EEG-guided neurofeedback. Group D did not receive any intervention
  2. 2Depression severity was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and classified as no depression (0–7 points), mild (8–16 points), moderate (17–23 points) and severe (> 23 points)
  3. 3In Group D, data is shown for N = 8 participants because of technical issues while collecting data from 1 participant
  4. Abbreviations LEDD = Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose; RMT: Resting Motor Threshold; UPDRS-III = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Part III, motor examination