Fig. 9

Key kinematic recovery outcome metrics for late swing perturbations. The top row displays peak trunk angle (left) and peak trunk angular velocity (right). The bottom row displays forward reach (body CoM to foot CoM, left), knee angle at first ground contact (middle) and peak thigh abduction (right). All metrics except knee angle are normalized to the value at the perturbation and are measured between the perturbation and the final recovery ground contact (first for elevating and second for delayed lowering and lowering). Knee angle is measured at first ground contact. Forward reach has an inverted vertical axis to maintain the visual trend across the plots (i.e., markers positioned lower on the plots indicate a more favorable outcome). The light grey region bordered in black dashed lines indicate the interquartile range of the control group data at 1.1 m/s from a previous study [20, 23]