Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Demographics

Age (years)

41.8 (8.3)

43.3 (9.5)

0.685

Sex (Female/Male)†

4/8

3/9

0.653

Handedness (Left/Ambidextrous/Right) †

0/0/12

0/2/10

0.14

Level of education (years of schooling)

17.0 (2.6)

16.3 (5.6)

0.710

VR experience (Yes/No) †

6/6

8/4

0.408

TBI severity (Moderate/Severe) †

-

4/8

-

Time since TBI (months) ^§

-

29 (49.8)

-

PTA duration (days) ^§

-

10.5 (25.5)

-

GCS (3–15)

-

7.1 (3.6)

-

Balance & Mobility

ABC (%)

98.5 (3.0)

76.2 (15.0)

< 0.001

CB&M (0–96)

88.4 (6.6)

63.4 (23.8)

0.002

Comfortable walking speed (m/s)

1.5 (0.2)

1.2 (0.2)

0.032

Maximum walking speed (m/s)

2.2 (0.3)

1.7 (0.4)

< 0.001

TUG (s)

8.3 (1.0)

9.3 (2.3)

0.168

TUG-Cog (s)

9.9 (2.0)

11.4 (3.3)

0.2

TUG-DTC (%)

-18.7 (18.0)

-21.4 (13.5)

0.692

Cognition

MoCA (max = 30)

28.3 (1.5)

24.8 (3.2)

0.002

TMT-A (s)

22.7 (5.4)

40.1 (14.3)

< 0.001

TMT-B (s)

62.2 (24.7)

99.4 (40.1)

0.012

Digit Span - Forward (s)

10.0 (1.9)

9.1 (3.6)

0.444

   - Backward (s)

8.8 (2.9)

7.9 (2.7)

0.475

Post-experiment questionnaires

Fast Motion Sickness Scale (0–20)

0.2 (0.6)

3.2 (4.4)

0.028

Single-Item Measure of Presence (0–10)

7.3 (2.5)

6.6 (3.0)

0.560