Table 4 Study results
Study | Pathology | Main results reported |
|---|---|---|
Kamm et al. 2023 [43] | Multiple sclerosis | Feasibility, usability, and patient engagement/satisfaction with the VR training were very high. The CRT for the dominant hand improved significantly after training (p = 0.03) |
Heinrich et al. 2022 [30] | Stroke | Decreased motor impairment in the affected arm in 9/11 participants |
Park et al. 2021 [31] | Stroke (Ideomotor apraxia) | TULIA score improved (from 121 to 161), DAL improved, MBI score improved (from 55 to 84), and other improvements in personal hygiene, bathing, toileting, dressing, stair climbing, ambulation, and transfer fields were reported |
Won et al. 2021 [39] | Complex regional pain syndrome | No statistically significant differences over time on average or highest pain of the affected limb or body, or on physical activity, mood, or quality of sleep |
Erhardsson et al. 2020 [32] | Stroke | Positive trend of improvement in all participants (independently from the impairment level). 3 participants improved in 3 to 5 outcome measures out of 6 |
Marin-Pardo et al. 2020 [33] | Stroke | At the group level, only the SIS-16 showed significant improvements, non-significant trends in that ARAT and FMA-UE. Range of active wrist extension improved for three participants. Trends of improved motor control were seen in 3/4 of participants after training, for both flexion and extension. Significant corticomuscular coherence was observed only during static holding of wrist extension and not during flexion |
Lee et al. 2020 [34] | Stroke | 5/9 participants, who complete the study, improved both in ARAT and BBT. BBT and MBI significantly improved after the training. Overall satisfaction was 6.3/7. Interest (6.4/7) and intent to continue training (6.4/7) items had the highest scores, whereas discomfort (4.9/7) had the lowest score |
Weber et al. 2019 [35] | Stroke | A small improvement in FMA-UE and ARAT, but not statistically significant. SUS from 40 to 100 (AVG = 76) |
Vourvopoulos et al. 2019 [36] | Stroke | FMA-UE improved significantly by 9 points after the intervention, followed by 4 points improvement in the follow-up. Muscle tonus was increased but did not interfere with range of motion. SIS showed a conspicuous increase in the strength domain. External Visual Imagery improved in post-intervention (and maintained in follow-up), Internal Visual Imagery improved in post-intervention (returned to same level in follow-up), and Kinesthetic Imagery stay to the same level |
Osumi et al. 2019 [40] | Phantom limb pain | Distortion of the intact-hand line trajectory significantly increased after VR-MVF rehabilitation. SF-MPQ scores significantly decreased indicating that the VR-MVF rehabilitation successfully alleviated PLP. The scores of both questionnaire items regarding the sense of reality of the virtual phantom limb were significantly higher than 0 |
Huang et al. 2018 [37] | Stroke | FMA significantly improved in 4/8 participants, moderate improvements in 2/8, while only minor changes were obtained in 2/8. Increase in MAS score for all participants. 7/8 participants showed noticeable improvement in their range of motion |
Chau et al. 2017 [41] | Phantom limb pain | All pain scales showed a statistically significant decrease in pain during each VR session. Significant subjective pain relief typically takes effect approximately 24 h after each VR session. On six-week follow-up, the participant reported that the pain was still present, but generally decreased in severity and was much better tolerated overall |
Osumi et al. 2017 [42] | Phantom limb pain | SF-MPQ averaged across all participants significantly decreased. NRS pain scores decreased significantly. Sense of reality was significantly higher than zero |