Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

(1) A confirmed diagnosis of DLSD based on imaging.

(2) Age between 50 and 80 years.

(3) Capability to stand and walk independently for at least 5 min.

(1) Absence of any symptoms such as back pain, muscle weakness, or numbness.

(2) Age between 50 and 80 years.

Exclusion criteria

(1) A history of prior lumbar surgery.

(2) Diagnosis of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus.

(3) Suffering from vestibular diseases like Meniere’s disease.

(4) Presence of neurological disorders like stroke or spinal cord injuries.